In addition, male offspring of adolescent morphine-exposed mothers (MOR-F1) demonstrate decreased rough and tumble play behaviors, with no significant differences in general social behaviors (i.e., social grooming and social exploration). The findings revealed subtle modifications in the maternal behavior of adolescent morphine-exposed females, primarily related to the amount of time femalesвЂ™ spend nursing and in non-nursing contact with their young. The choice of the social play paradigm was based on previous findings demonstrating effects of both postpartum care and opioid activity on play behavior. In addition, we also examined juvenile play behavior in both male and female offspring. The purpose of the current set of studies was to determine whether adolescent morphine exposure modifies postpartum care. To address this issue, we have begun modeling adolescent opiate exposure in female rats and have observed significant transgenerational effects despite the fact that all drugs are withdrawn several weeks prior to pregnancy. Use during this critical developmental period could have significant long-term consequences for both the female user as well as potential effects on her future offspring.

Of particular concern is the rising popularity of these drugs in adolescent female populations. The non-medical use of prescription opiates, such as Vicodin В® and MSContin В®, has increased dramatically over the past decade. Department of Biomedical Science, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA.

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